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แบบฝึกปฏิบัติที่ 13

ให้นักศึกษาอ่านข้อความตอ่ ไปน้ี แลว้ ตอบคำ� ถามท่ีตามมาเป็นภาษาไทย
When a dictionary lists the function of a word, it does at least two things: it
gives its meaning, and it says whether the word is a noun, a verb, an adjective, etc.
In other words, a dictionary must specify the lexical role of a word as well as its
grammatical role or syntactic class.
When words are used their function is always dual. They bear in themselves
a lexical meaning, but what they do in the sentence results from something further,
the fact that they are members of classes. In some words lexical meaning is perhaps
dominant, in others class-meaning certainly is, but in none is class-meaning absent.
It is now a commonplace to demonstrate the two kinds of meaning by nonsense verse,
in which clear signals of sentence-structure and form-class meaning are given, but
certain words are arbitrarily invented, and therefore lack lexical meaning; what is left
is class-meaning. In the following stanza from Jabberwocky the structural signals
determine the class membership of the invented words (leaving one doubtful case):

‘Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
If you have had any grammatical training you can say that slithy, mimsy,
mome, and perhaps brillig, outgrabe are adjectives, though you cannot give their
meaning in the sense of listing approximate synonyms; you can say if outgrabe is not
an adjective it is the past tense of a verb. You can say that toves, wabe, borogoves,
and raths are nouns; and that gyre and gimble are verbs (though you do not even
know how to pronounce them). If you are ignorant of even these grammatical terms,
you can put the same points in a clumsier way by being able to construct proportions
like the toves; one tove; I gyre; he gyres; we gyred, etc., and to state restrictions on
the environment of certain invented words, e.g. that wabe and borogove may
directly follow the but gyre and gimble, as far as the evidence goes, may not.

Source: Strang, Barbara M.H. (1965). Modern English Structure. New York: St. Martin’s Press.